| Socialist Labor Party of America | |
|---|---|
| Founded | July 15, 1876 |
| Dissolved | September 1, 2008 |
| Ideology | Marxism-DeLeonism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| Politics of the United States Political parties Elections |
|
The Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), established in 1876 as the Workingmen's Party, is the oldest socialist political party in the United States and the second oldest socialist party in the world. Originally known as the Workingmen's Party of America, the party changed its name in 1877 and has operated continuously since that date, although its current existence is tenuous. The party advocates the ideology of "socialist industrial unionism" — belief in a fundamental transformation of society through the combined political and industrial action of the working class organized in industrial unions.
The SLP closed its national office on September 1, 2008. The SLP, while completely inactive, carries on, mainly as a type of paper organization amongst the remaining members.
Contents |
In 1872, the International uniting the socialist parties of the world moved its headquarters to New York City. The organization had been deeply divided over tactics, with one side, headed by Karl Marx, believing in the efficacy of the ballot and trade union organization as preliminary to workers' revolution and the other, headed by Mikhail Bakunin, advocating the immediate revolutionary overthrow of organized government.[1] Bitterly disagreeing with the violent tactics advocated by their opponents, the so-called International Socialist faction felt the Anarchists must be expelled from the international federation at any cost, while at the same time the number of Anarchists were rising in the organization. As a last ditch effort to stop Bakunin and his allies, the 1872 Congress was called for The Hague, a city chosen so as to exclude Bakunin, who could not get there from his safe haven in Switzerland without crossing through countries in which he would be arrested.[2] This decision gave the Marxist faction control of the congress, which they used to further entrench their position by moving the headquarters of the International from London to America.[2]
Later in 1872, a socialist congress was held in New York City bringing together American adherents of the International from 22 sections.[2] This was followed up in 1874 with another gathering, a convention in Philadelphia at which was formed the ephemeral Social-Democratic Workingman's Party of North America, the first Marxist political party in the United States.[3]
The socialist movement in America remained deeply divided from the onset over tactics, and not just between Anarchists and Social Democrats. Newcomers from Germany often sought to follow the same parliamentary-driven approach being employed by the Ferdinand Lassalle and fledgling Social Democratic Party of Germany, while longer term residents of America often tended to support a trade union orientation.[4] In April 1876, a preliminary conference took place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bringing together representatives of the union-oriented "Internationalists" and the electorally oriented "Lassalleans. The gathering agreed to issue a call for a Unity Congress to be held in July to establish a new political party.[5]
On Saturday, July 15, 1876, delegates from the remaining American sections of the First International gathered in Philadelphia and disbanded that organization.[6] The following Wednesday, July 19, the planned Unity Congress was convened, attended by seven delegates claiming to represent a membership of 3,000 in four organizations: the trade union-oriented Marxists of the now-disbanded International, and three Lassallean groups — the Workingmen's Party of Illinois, the Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati, and the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America.[7] The organization formed by this Unity Convention was known as the Workingmen's Party of the United States (WPUS), and the native English-speaking Philip Van Patten was elected as the party's first "Corresponding Secretary," the official in charge of the day-to-day operations of the party.[7]
A number of socialist newspapers also emerged around this time, all privately owned, including Paul Grottkau's Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung, Joseph Brucker's Milwaukee Socialist, and an English-language weekly also published in Milwaukee called The Emancipator.[3] German émigrés dominated the organization, although in Chicago Albert Parsons and G.A. Schilling maintained an active English-speaking section.[8]
In 1877 the Workingmen's Party met at Newark, New Jersey in a convention which changed the name of the organization to the Socialist Labor Party (generally rendered in English throughout the 1880s as "Socialistic Labor Party," a more stilted rendition of the German name of the group, Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Partei).[9] The organization made an electoral alliance with the Greenback Labor Party, the forerunner of the People's Party, but no great electoral triumphs were scored.[10]
There was an upsurge of support for the new organization, reflected in the proliferation of the socialist press. Between 1876 and 1877, no fewer than 24 newspapers were established which either directly or indirectly supported the SLP.[11] Eight of these were English-language publications, including one daily, while 14 were in German, including seven dailies. Two more papers were published in Czech and Swedish, respectively.[11]
Just two years later, in the wake of an economic crisis, not one of the privately owned English newspapers still survived.[12] The party established its own English-language paper, The National Socialist, in May 1878 but managed to keep the publication alive only one year.[12] The year 1878 saw the establishment of another paper was established which proved to have considerably more longevity, the German-language New Yorker Volkszeitung (New York People's News). The Volkszeitung included material by the best and the brightest of the German-American socialist movement, including Alexander Jonas, Adolph Douai, and Sergei Schewitsch, and Herman Schlüter and quickly emerged as the leading voice of the SLP during the last decades of the 19th Century.[12]
About this same time, the American anarchist movement began to gain strength, fueled by the economic crisis and strike wave of 1877. As socialist Frederic Heath recounted in 1900:
"The line between Anarchism and Socialism was not at this time sharply drawn in the Socialist organizations, in spite of the fact of their being opposites. Both being critics and denouncers of the present system, however, they were able to work together.
"As a result of the brutalities of the militia and regulars in the railway strikes of 1877, a new plan was devised by the Chicago agitators. This found expression in the Lehr und Wehr Verein (teaching and defense society), an armed and drilled body of workmen pledged to protect the workers against the militia in a strike.... The arms-bearing tactics were opposed by the Executive Committee of the SLP, the Secretary of which was Philip van Patten. A fight ensued between the Verbote, which was the weekly edition of the Arbeiter Zeitung, of Chicago, and the Labor Bulletin, the official party organ which Patten edited."[13]
The SLP suffered its first split in 1878. Members who were displeased with the exclusively political actionist turn of the party who wanted the group to focus more on organizing workers formed the International Labor Union. Members were not barred from belonging to both, but there was still some animosity between the two organizations.[14]
Amidst economic crisis and factional squabbling, membership in the SLP plummeted. As the 1870s drew to a close, the Socialistic Labor Party could count about 2,600 members — with at least one estimate substantially lower.[15] The party was on the ropes.
The years 1880 and 1881 saw a new influx of political refugees from Germany, activists in the socialist movement who had been forced to flee during the crackdown on radicalism launched with the Anti-Socialist Laws of 1878.[15] This influx of new German members, coming during a time of low ebb of the English-speaking membership, extended Germanic influence in the SLP. Excluded from the voting booth by their lack of citizenship status, many of the newcomers had little use for electoral politics. An SLP German militia sued on Second Amendment grounds to keep and bear arms in Chicago parades. The Supreme Court ruled against them in Presser v. Illinois, however.
The anarchist movement expanded rapidly with the debate over tactics between the electorally-oriented socialists and the direct action-oriented anarchists becoming ever more bitter. The 1881 SLP Convention in New York saw some of the party's anarchist members and one New York section split from the party to form a new party called the Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party, as part of an International Workingman's Association. The official organ of this short-lived splinter group was a newspaper called The Anarchist.[16]
In 1882, Johann Most, a former German Social Democrat turned Anarchist firebrand, came to America, further fueling the growth and militancy of the American anarchist movement. The SLP further shattered the next year when Marxist Paul Grottkau was forced by the anarchists to resign as editor of the Chicago daily, the Arbeiter Zeitung. In his place August Spies was installed, a man later executed as part of the anti-anarchist repression which followed the Haymarket affair of May 1886.[17]
After a brief honeymoon period in the late 1870s had run its course, the SLP saw the departure of most of its English-speaking members. The party's English-language organ, Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement, appeared monthly from Detroit in the shadow of the powerful Chicago German-language radical press until it was finally discontinued altogether at the end of 1883. The party was so thoroughly German that it published the stenographic proceedings of its 1884 and 1885 National Conventions only in that language.[18] From 1885 the official organ of the party was a German-language weekly, Der Sozialist. No English language SLP organ existed the demise of the Bulletin in 1883 to the establishment of the Workingmen's Advocate in 1886.
The party's membership situation was so dismal that the English-speaking Corresponding Secretary of the organization, Philip Van Patten, left a suicide note in April 1883 and mysteriously disappeared. He later surfaced as a government employee, a socialist oppositionist no more.[19] Membership in the organization atrophied to just 1,500 by 1883.[20] What growth there was among the American radical movement was experienced by the rival anarchist organization, the International Working People's Association (IWPA), also sometimes referred to as the International Workingmen's Association.[21]
A split between the electorally oriented SLP and the revolution-minded IWPA, which took with it a good portion of the SLP's left wing, including such prominent leaders as the English-speaking orator Albert Parsons and the German-speaking newspaper editor August Spies, began to develop early in the 1880s, with the split formalized by 1883, a year in which the SLP and the IWPA held competing conventions, in Baltimore and Pittsburgh, respectively.[22] At its December 1883 Baltimore convention, the SLP made a vain effort at reestablishing organizational unity with the IWPA, adopting a particularly radical "proclamation" in the name of the party and eliminating the position of National Secretary, to allow the form of decentralization favored by the anarchists.[23]
The issue of violence proved an insurmountable barrier to unity between the SLP and the anarchist movement, however, and as Paul Grottkau, Alexander Jonas, and their co-thinkers began to again forcefully espouse the Marxist point of view in 1884, the SLP began to rebound. In March 1884, the SLP consisted of 30 sections. Two years later, it had doubled.[24] Three new privately owned English-language newspapers were briefly established, although none could achieve the critical mass of subscribers and advertising revenue necessary for survival.[24]
The SLP attempted to again make a foray into American electoral politics despite its still heavily German composition, taking an active part in the 1886 New York City mayoral campaign of Single Tax advocate Henry George. The party remained almost completely separated from the English-speaking workers movement, however, and longing for leaders who could traverse the seemingly insurmountable language barrier which limited the organization to a sort of Teutonic ghetto.
Throughout the decade of the 1880s, the SLP was based upon local "Sections" coordinated by a loose National Executive Committee based in New York City. It was not until 1889 that any move was made to establish intermediate state levels of organization.[25]
The SLP did attempt to play an influence in the existing labor movement during the decade of the 1880s. As early as 1881, National Secretary Philip Van Patten joined the Order of the Knights of Labor, the leading national union of the day.[26] A decade later, the SLP retained a faith in the established trade union organizations to conduct their own affairs along a generally socialist course. In each issue of The People during 1891 the weekly affairs of the New York Central Labor Federation, the New York Central Labor Union, the Brooklyn Central Labor Federation, the Brooklyn Central Labor Union, the Hudson County, New Jersey (Jersey City) Central Labor Federation were covered in detail under the recurring headline "Parliaments of Labor." The doings of individual unions in the New York area and around the world were similarly covered in short summary.
Despite its active role as cheerleader and publicist, the SLP was unable to exert any sort of real influence in the Knights of Labor until it was already in steep decline, toward the start of the 1890s, when it won effective control of the New York District Assembly of the K of L in 1893.[26] In that same year, socialist delegates to the governing General Assembly of the K of L were largely responsible for the defeat of Terence Powderly and his replacement by J.R. Sovereign as Grand Master Workman, the chief executive officer of the organization.[26]
So great was the SLP's influence that the newly elected Sovereign promised to appoint a member of the party as editor of the Journal of the Knights of Labor.[26] When he recanted on this pledge, a bitter feud erupted, ending with the December 1895 General Assembly refusing to seat de facto SLP party leader Daniel DeLeon as a delegate from District Assembly 49, resulting in an outright break of the two organizations and withdrawal of the greater part of the New York district from the organization, thereby hastening the Knights of Labor's demise.[26]
The year 1890 has long been regarded as a watershed by the Socialist Labor Party, as it marked the date when the organization came under the influence of Daniel DeLeon.[27] DeLeon, a native of the South American island of Curaçao, had been resident in the United States for 18 years before he began to play a leading role in the American socialist movement. DeLeon attended a Gymnasium in Hildesheim, Germany, in the 1860s, before studying at the University of Leyden, from which he graduated in 1872 at the age of 20.[28] DeLeon was a brilliant student — well versed in history, philosophy, and mathematics. He was also a linguist with few peers, possessing fluency in Spanish, German, Dutch, Latin, French, English, and ancient Greek, and a reading knowledge of Portuguese, Italian, and modern Greek.[29]
Upon graduation, DeLeon immigrated to the United States, settling in New York City. There he made the acquaintance of a group of Cubans who sought the liberation of their native land and edited their Spanish-language newspaper.[30] DeLeon paid the bills with a job teaching Latin, Greek, and math at a school in Westchester, New York.[31] This teaching job enabled DeLeon to finance his further education at Columbia Law School, from which he graduated with honors in 1878.[32] Thereafter, DeLeon moved to Texas, where he practiced law for a time, before returning to Columbia University in 1883 to take a position as a lecturer on Latin American diplomacy.[32]
DeLeon seems to have been further politicized by the 1886 workers' campaign for the Eight-Hour Day, and the brutal excesses of the police which came with it.[32] DeLeon was on the committee which nominated Henry George ran for Mayor in that same year, and he spoke in public several times on George's behalf during the course of the campaign.[32] DeLeon participated in the first Nationalist Club in New York City, a group dedicated to advancing the socialist ideas expressed by Edward Bellamy in his extremely popular novel of the day, Looking Backward.[32] DeLeon was also deeply influenced by The Co-operative Commonwealth by Laurence Gronlund.[33]
The failings of the Nationalist Club movement to develop a viable program or strategy for winning political power left DeLeon searching for an alternative. This he found in the ostensible scientific determinism underlying the writings of Karl Marx.[34] In the fall of 1890, DeLeon abandoned his academic career to devote himself full time to the SLP. He was engaged in the spring of 1891 as the party's "National Lecturer," traveling the entire country from coast to coast to speak on the SLP's behalf.[32] He was also named the SLP's candidate for Governor of New York in the fall of that same year, gathering a respectable 14,651 votes.[35]
As the historian Bernard Johnpoll notes, the SLP which Daniel DeLeon joined in 1890 differed little from the organization which had been born at the end of the 1870s — it was largely a German-language organization located in an English-speaking country. Just 17 of the party's 77 branches used English as their basic language, while only two members of the party's governing National Executive Committee spoke English fluently.[33] The arrival of erudite, well-read, multilingual university lecturer with English fluency was seen as a great triumph for the SLP organization.
In the spring of 1891, DeLeon was set to work as the National Organizer for the SLP. He pioneered for an English-speaking organization on a cross-country 6-week tour to the West Coast and back in April and May.[36]
In 1892, DeLeon was elected editor of The Weekly People, the SLP's English-language official organ.[31] He retained this important position without interruption for the rest of his life. DeLeon never assumed the formal role of head of the organization, National Secretary, but was always recognized — by supporters and detractors alike — as the leader of the SLP through his tight editorial control of the official party press.
While increasing the exposure and popularity of the organization among the American-born during his editorial tenure, Daniel DeLeon proved to be a polarizing figure among the Socialist Labor Party's membership during his editorial tenure, as historian Howard Quint notes:
"Even DeLeon's opponents were usually willing to concede that he possessed a tremendous intellectual grasp of Marxism. Those who had suffered under his editorial lashings looked on him as an unmitigated scoundrel who took fiendish delight in character assassination, vituperation, and scurrility. But most of DeLeon's contemporaries, and especially his critics, misunderstood him, just as he himself lacked understanding of people. He was not a petty tyrant who desired power for power's sake. Rather, he was a dogmatic idealist, devoted brain and soul to a cause, a zealot who could not tolerate heresy or backsliding, a doctrinaire who would make no compromise with principles. For this strong-willed man, this late nineteenth-century Grand Inquisitioner of American socialism, there was no middle ground. You were either a disciplined and undeviating Marxist or no socialist at all. You were either with the mischief-making, scatterbrained reformers and 'labor fakirs' or you were against them. You either agreed on the necessity of uncompromising revolutionary tactics or you did not, and those falling into the latter category were automatically expendable as far as the Socialist Labor Party was concerned."[37]
The Socialist Labor Party advocated a two-pronged attack against capitalism, including both economic and political components — trade unions and electoral campaigns.
The SLP ran candidates under its own name for the first time in the New York elections of 1886, in which it put forward a full ticket headed by J. Edward Hall as its gubernatorial nominee and Alexander Jonas as its candidate for Mayor of New York.[38] Fewer than 3,000 votes were cast for this ticket throughout the entire state of New York, a result so disheartening that the German language party paper the New Yorker Volkszeitung and some prominent party leaders advocated abandonment of electoral campaigns for the time being.[39] The National Convention of 1889 upheld the policy of political action, however, and the SLP was again active in the New York elections of 1890.[39]
In 1891, the party's electoral effort was led by the candidacy of Daniel DeLeon for Governor of New York. DeLeon polled a respectable 14,651 votes in the losing effort.[40]
The party nominated its first candidate for President of the United States in 1892, a decision made in September of that year at a national conference of the organization held at party headquarters in New York City,[41] despite the fact that the SLP's platform called for the abolition of the offices of President and Vice President. The party's ticket, featuring Boston camera manufacturer Simon Wing and New York electrician Charles H. Matchett, appeared on the ballot in just six states and drew a total of 21,512 votes.[42]
To make sense of the further development of the Socialist Labor Party, we must understand the main ideological principle of the organization — Revolutionary Industrial Unionism (also known as "Socialist Industrial Unionism.")
A central axiom of Marxism is that the liberation of the working class must come at the hands of the working class itself.[43] That this premise has been advanced by an unending string of middle-class intellectuals ranging from the professor-without-portfolio Dr. Karl Marx to the college-educated lawyer V.I. Lenin to lawyer and university lecturer Daniel DeLeon may be characterized as either inevitable, ironic, or a major contradiction, depending on one's personal perspective. Be that as it may, Marxists have universally assumed that only conscious and concerted effort by the working class itself can lead to cause the revolutionary transformation of economy and society. The devil lies in the details — how best to motivate this state of understanding and drive to action among those who sell their labor-power to others, how best to achieve the transformation of state and society.
The early Socialist Labor Party, influenced by the father of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Ferdinand Lassalle, argued that the wage gains and improvements of conditions achievable by trade unions were insignificant and ephemeral. Only the capture of the state through the ballot box would enable a restructuring of the economy and society in anything resembling a permanent manner. So long as capitalism existed, wage gains here would be offset by the pressure of wage cuts there and incomes would be driven down to a subsistence minimum through the inexorable pressure of the market. Thus the political campaign for the capture of the state — winning office for the sake of winning power to enact change — was considered paramount.
For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards. So long as fundamental economic relations between workers and employers remained unchanged, any alteration of the personnel of the state apparatus would be short-lived and would fall to nothing due to the wealth of the employers and their desire to preserve the existing economic order. The employing class controlled press and school and pulpit, the Marxists believed, their ideas of the "natural" order of things stuffed the heads of their willing political servitors. Only through collective action, trade union activities, could the working class begin to achieve consciousness of itself, the nature of the world, and its purported historic mission.
But what sort of trade unions would instill in the working class the ideas and drive to action that would lead to a revolutionary restructuring of the economic order? This was the central question, over which the SLP ultimately divided. On the one hand there were those who advocated the policy of "boring from within" the already-existing unions, attempting to win their memberships over to the idea of socialist reorganization of society through the force of propaganda and practical example. Ultimately, it was believed, enough individual unions could be won over that the entire trade union movement could be moved in a socialist direction.
Others rejected the existing network of craft unions as hopelessly reactionary bureaucracies, sometimes outright criminal in their administration but never able to see beyond their own narrow and isolated concerns of wages, hours, recognition, and jurisdiction. A completely new, explicitly socialist industrial union structure was required, these individuals believed, an organization established on a broad basis uniting workers of different crafts in common cause. This new organization would gain the support of the working class when average workers at the bench witnessed the superiority of its form of organization and ideas in actual practice.
At the SLP's national convention of 1896, this issue came to a head with the formation of the Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance, a party-sponsored industrial union federation founded to compete directly with the unions of the emerging American Federation of Labor and the declining Knights of Labor.
De Leon's opponents, (primarily German-Americans, Jewish immigrants of various origins, and trade unionists led by Henry Slobodin and Morris Hillquit), left the SLP in 1899. They later merged with the Social Democratic Party, headed by Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs to form the Socialist Party of America.
With the death of De Leon, the SLP, always critical of both the Soviet Union and of the Socialist Party's "reformism", has been isolated from the majority of the American Left, and that isolation became ever-increasing.[44] The party had always advocated what they consider purist socialism in its program, arguing that other parties have actually abandoned Marxism and become either fan clubs of dictators or merely a radical wing of the Democratic party.
The party experienced two growth spurts in the twentieth century. The first occurred in the late 1940s. The presidential ticket, which had been receiving 15,000 to 30,000 votes, increased to 45,226 in 1944. Meanwhile, the aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees increased during this same period from an average in the 40,000 range to 96,139 in 1946 and 100,072 in 1948. The party's fortunes began to sag during the early 1950s, and by 1954 the aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees was down to 30,577.
Eric Hass became influential in the SLP in the early 1950s. Hass, the nominee for President in 1952, 1956, 1960, and 1964, played a major role in rebuilding the SLP. He authored the booklet "Socialism: A Home Study Course". Hass increased the party's nationwide totals and recruited many local candidates. His vote for President increased from 30,250 in 1952 to 47,522 in 1960 (a 50% increase). Although his total slipped to 45,187 in 1964, Hass outpolled all other third party candidates - the only time this happened to the SLP. Aggregate nationwide totals for U.S. Senate nominees increased throughout the late 1960s, hitting 112,990 in 1972.
The increased interest in the SLP in the late 1960s was not a permanent growth spurt. New recruits subscribed to the anti-authoritarian views of the time and wanted their voices to have an equal status with the old-time party workers. Newcomers felt that the party was too controlled by a small clique, resulting in widespread discontent. In 1976, the SLP nominated its last Presidential candidate and has run few campaigns since then. In 1980, members of the SLP in Minnesota, claiming that the party had become bureaucratic and authoritarian in its internal party structure, split from the party and formed the New Union Party.
The SLP began having trouble funding their newspaper The People, so frequency was changed from monthly to bi-monthly in 2004. That did not save the paper from collapse, however, and it was suspended as of 31 March 2008. The SLP closed its national office on 1 September 2008.[45] As of 2011, the SLP is moribund and carries on no activities, but has not been formally dissolved.
Perhaps the greatest impact of De Leon and the SLP was their help in founding the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905. Before too long, however they had a falling out with the element that they termed 'the bummery,' and left to form their own rival union, also called the Industrial Workers of the World, based in Detroit. De Leon died in 1914,[44] and with his passing this organization lost its central focus. This body was renamed the Workers International Industrial Union (WIIU) and declined into little more than SLP members. The WIIU was wound up in 1924.
Famed author Jack London was an early member of the Socialist Labor Party, joining in 1896. He left in 1901 but remained a Socialist.
The science fiction writer Mack Reynolds, who wrote one of the first Star Trek novels, was an active member of the SLP and his fiction often deals with socialist reform and revolution as well as socialist Utopian thought.
| Convention | Location | Date | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|---|
| Union Congress | Philadelphia, PA | July 19–22, 1876 | 1. Original edition of the proceedings. 2. The 1976 centennial edition edited and annotated by Philip S. Foner |
| National Congress | Newark, NJ | Dec. 26-31, 1877 | Name changed to Socialistic Labor Party; Documents & Proceedings |
| 2nd National Convention | Allegheny, PA | Dec. 26, 1879-Jan 1, 1880 | Documents & Condensed Proceedings |
| 3rd National Convention | New York City | Dec. 26-29, 1881 | Proceedings, in German, from the New Yorker Volkszeitung |
| 4th National Convention | Baltimore, MD | Dec. 26-28, 1883 | Proceedings, in German, some pages blacked out |
| 5th National Convention | Cincinnati, OH | Oct. 5-8, 1885 | Proceedings, in German |
| 6th National Convention | Buffalo, NY | Sept. 17-20, 1887 | Proceedings |
| 7th Nat. Conv. [regular] | Chicago, IL | Oct. 12-17, 1889 | Upholds political action. Account of Proceedings in Workmens Advocate |
| 7th Nat. Conv. [dissident] | Chicago, IL | Sept. 28- Oct. 2, 1889 | Proceedings |
| 8th National Convention | Chicago, IL | 2–5 July 1893 | Proceedings as reported in The People |
| 9th National Convention | New York City | July 4–10, 1896 | Establishes ST&LA. Proceedings |
| 10th Nat. Conv. [regular] | New York City | June 2–8, 1900 | Reviews 1899 party split. Proceedings |
| 10th Nat. Conv. [dissident] | Rochester, NY | Jan. 27-Feb. 2, 1900 | No stenographic record published. |
| 11th National Convention | New York City | July 1904 | Microfilm of the typescript is available from the Wisconsin Historical Society. |
| 12th National Convention | New York City | July 1908 | No stenographic record published. |
| 13th National Convention | New York City | April 1912 | No stenographic record published. |
| 14th National Convention | New York City | April 29-May 3, 1916 | No stenographic record published. Platform. |
| 15th National Convention | New York City | May 5–10, 1920 | Proceedings |
| 16th National Convention | New York City | May 10–13, 1924 | Proceedings |
| 17th National Convention | New York City | May 12–14, 1928 | Proceedings |
| 18th National Convention | New York City | April 30-May 2, 1932 | Proceedings p. 1, Proceedings p. 2 |
| 19th National Convention | New York City | April 25–28, 1936 | Proceedings p. 1, Proceedings p. 2 |
| 20th National Convention | New York City | April 27–30, 1940 | Proceedings p. 1, Proceedings p. 2 |
| 21st National Convention | New York City | April 29-May 2, 1944 | Proceedings |
| 22nd National Convention | New York City | May 1–3, 1948 | Proceedings |
| 23rd National Convention | New York City | May 3–5, 1952 | Proceedings |
| 24th National Convention | New York City | May 5–7, 1956 | Platform |
| 25th National Convention | New York City | May 7–9, 1960 | Proceedings |
| 26th National Convention | New York City | May 2–4, 1964 | Proceedings |
| 27th National Convention | Brooklyn, NY | May 4–7, 1968 | Proceedings |
| 28th National Convention | Detroit, MI | April 8–11, 1972 | Platform |
| 29th National Convention | Southfield, MI | February 7–11, 1976 | Proceedings |
| 30th National Convention | Chicago, IL | May 28-June 1, 1977 | Proceedings |
| 31st National Convention | Philadelphia, PA | May 26–31, 1978 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 32nd National Convention | Milwaukee, WI | July 1979 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 33rd National Convention | Milwaukee, WI | June 27-July 1, 1980 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 34th National Convention | Milwaukee, WI | July 1981 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 35th National Convention | Milwaukee, WI | August 1982 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 36th National Convention | Akron, OH | July 18–23, 1983 | Proceedings; no pdf available. Platform. |
| 37th National Convention | Akron, OH | July 1985 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 38th National Convention | Akron, OH | July 27–31, 1987 | Proceedings; no pdf available. |
| 39th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | April 29-May 3, 1989 | Proceedings |
| 40th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | April 28–30, 1991 | Proceedings |
| 41st National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | May 1–4, 1993 | Proceedings |
| 42nd National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | July 15–18, 1995 | Proceedings |
| 43rd National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | May 2–5, 1997 | Proceedings |
| 44th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | April 9–12, 1999 | Proceedings |
| 45th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | June 1–4, 2001 | Proceedings |
| 46th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | July 9–11, 2005 | Proceedings |
| 47th National Convention | Santa Clara, CA | July 14–16, 2007 | Proceedings |
| Name | Tenure | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Philip Van Patten | July 1876 - April 1883 | Corresponding Secretary |
| Schneider | April–October 1883 | Corresponding Secretary |
| Hugo Vogt | October–December 1883 | Corresponding Secretary |
| None. | December 1883-March 1884 | (Executive position abolished) |
| Wilhelm Rosenberg | March 1884-October 1889 | Corresponding and Financial Secretary |
| Benjamin J. Gretsch | October 1889-October 1891 | National Secretary |
| Henry Kuhn | 1891–1906 | National Secretary |
| Frank Bohn | 1906–1908 | National Secretary |
| Henry Kuhn | 1908 (pro tem) | National Secretary |
| Paul Augustine | 1908–1914 | National Secretary |
| Arnold Petersen | 1914–1969 | National Secretary |
| Nathan Karp | 1969–1980 | National Secretary |
| Robert Bills | 1980-date | National Secretary |
| Election | Presidential Nominee | Vice-Presidential Nominee | Votes | # of states on ballot |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1888 | Slate of independent electors | Slate of independent electors | 2,068 | 1 (NY) |
| 1892 | Simon Wing | Charles Matchett | 21,173 | 5 |
| 1896 | Charles Matchett | Matthew Maguire | 36,359 | 20 |
| 1900 | Joseph F. Maloney | Valentine Remmel | 40,943 | 22 |
| 1904 | Charles H. Corregan | William Wesley Cox | 33,454 | 19 |
| 1908 | August Gillhaus | Donald L. Munro | 14,031 | 15 |
| 1912 | Arthur E. Reimer | August Gillhaus | 29,324 | 20 |
| 1916 | Arthur E. Reimer | Caleb Harrison | 15,295 | 17 |
| 1920 | William Wesley Cox | August Gillhaus | 31,084 | 14 |
| 1924 | Frank T. Johns | Verne L. Reynolds | 28,633 | 19 |
| 1928 | Verne L. Reynolds | Jeremiah D. Crowley | 21,590 | 19 |
| 1932 | Verne L. Reynolds | John W. Aiken | 34,038 | 19 |
| 1936 | John W. Aiken | Emil F. Teichert | 12,799 | 18 |
| 1940 | John W. Aiken | Aaron M. Orange | 14,883 | 14 |
| 1944 | Edward A. Teichert | Arla A. Albaugh | 45,188 | 15 |
| 1948 | Edward A. Teichert | Stephen Emery | 29,244 | 22 |
| 1952 | Eric Hass | Stephen Emery | 30,406 | 23 |
| 1956 | Eric Hass | Georgia Cozzini | 44,300 | 14 |
| 1960 | Eric Hass | Georgia Cozzini | 47,522 | 15 |
| 1964 | Eric Hass | Henning A. Blomen | 45,189 | 16 |
| 1968 | Henning A. Blomen | George Sam Taylor | 52,589 | 13 |
| 1972 | Louis Fisher | Genevieve Gundersen | 53,814 | 12 |
| 1976 | Jules Levin | Constance Blomen | 9,566 | 10 |
All election results taken from Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections and Vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates of the Socialist Labor Party
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